Buddhist Education in Vietnam Free Essays

Practically 85% of the whole populace of Vietnam is Buddhist . The primary purpose behind this huge acknowledgment of Buddhism is its initial passageway in Vietnam. Buddhism entered Vietnam in the start of second century. We will compose a custom paper test on Buddhist Education in Vietnam or on the other hand any comparative point just for you Request Now This was the Common Era and can be called as the primary period of the Buddhist training in Vietnam . The absolute first Buddhist instruction was given by a Taoist named Meou-Po, who later changed over to Buddhism . As indicated by numerous students of history, even before this Taoist, some type of Buddhist training could be seen when the Chinese ministers came to Vietnam . The Chinese teachers came in Vietnam during the standard of Si-Nhiep. Afterward, two Indian priests likewise originated from India to Vietnam, so as to rehearse and lecture Buddhism. Mama Ha Ky Vuc and Khau Da La remained in Vietnam for quite a while, later Khau Da La left though Ma Ha Ky Vuc remained. Mama Ha Ky Vuc was an extremely strict man and used to quick for a few days. As per him this filtered his body and soul. These two Buddhist priests previously came to Northern Vietnam, which was called as Giao-Chi around then. Mau-Bac, a Chinese Buddhist later came to Vietnam, so as to lecture his religion. Around then China was the focal point of a genuine political clash, henceforth numerous researchers so as to learn and lecture settled, came to Vietnam. This was an achievement for the Buddhism. These were the primary individuals ever to get Buddhism in Vietnam. They were displaced people from China and Pilgrims from India. As time passed by Buddhism turned out to be progressively acknowledged and most rehearsed religion in Vietnam. Start OF BUDDHIST EDUCATION A Hindu value, Gautama who didn't care for the possibility of Hindu rank framework, was the organizer of Buddhism. Gautama didn't accept that any man could be better than the other and as Hinduism Brahmans are viewed as predominant, he left this religion . Gautama had spent numerous years meandering and ruminating. At long last he discovered responses to every one of his inquiries and henceforth found the way of edification, â€Å"nirvana†. As indicated by Buddhism, nirvana is the way to interminable peacefulness. It is liberated from the pattern of birth, demise and resurrection. In addition, an individual will accomplish salvation in the event that he puts stock in the four honorable facts. These four respectable realities are that a man endures in the entirety of his back to back lives; the purpose behind his sufferings is his needs for natural things, when the individual liberates himself from all the needs of natural things he at that point accomplishes redemption. The last honorable truth says that an individual can accomplish redemption by following the eightfold respectable way . So how did Buddhism really spread? During the time Si-Nhiep administered Giao-Chi, it was considered as a sheltered spot. Mau-Bac came to Vietnam searching for harmony and serenity. Subsequent to coming to Vietnam, he contemplated Buddhism from an Indian priest named Ksudra . Mama Ha Ky Vuc who additionally came to Vietnam got along with Mau-Bac and began lecturing their religion. Ksudra likewise began helping them, thus individuals in Vietnam, who never recognized what Buddhism was, began learning and tolerating it. These were the absolute first individuals to begin lecturing and educating Buddhism. Their instructing is the early type of lessons found in Vietnam. After these, numerous Buddhist priests came to Vietnam. Khang Tang Hoi and Cuong Luong Lau were two priests who had a great deal of effect. They made an interpretation of numerous Buddhist books into Chinese. As Vietnamese culture around then was impacted a great deal by Chinese and Chinese was the official language utilized , thus deciphering these books had a ton of effect to individuals who couldn't peruse or compose different dialects . Periods OF VIETNAMESE BUDDHISM The historical backdrop of Buddhist instruction in Vietnam can be concentrated by isolating it into four separate stages or periods. †The development of Buddhism in Vietnam. This began from the BC and endured till the finish of Chinese territory †Climax of Buddhism. Buddhism was at its top during the autonomy †The wantonness after the Le Dynasty †Revival period. This began in the start of the twentieth century and has not finished at this point. The period before the Common Era establishes the framework for the start and advancement of Buddhist instruction in Vietnam. It was when Siddhartha Gautama, who will later accomplish edification and will be called as ‘Buddha’ was conceived. As he was conceived in India, Indians were the first to learn Buddhism. Later when Buddhism came to China, numerous Chinese priests went to Vietnam so as to spread Buddhism. In any case, it accepted that the Chinese and Indian shippers came to Vietnam for exchanging. They carried priests with them saying that the priests were the â€Å"calmer of the sea† These priests began lecturing their religion in Vietnam. It was simple for them to show their religion to numerous individuals one after another, as Luy-Lau, later known as Ha-Bac was the focal point of all exchanging exercises. All the dealers who came here to exchange, and vendors who were going among India and China, halted here to rest, subsequently, priests had the option to spread their religion without any problem. Numerous teacher exercises were begun thus. Religious communities were manufactured and Buddhism got significant. This was the first run through ever throughout the entire existence of Vietnam, that religious communities were assembled . The following time frame or stage end up being best for Vietnamese Buddhism. In this period Buddhist investigations were at their pinnacle and numerous popular individuals and rulers changed over to this religion. It was when King Dinh Tien Hoang came in to control. Buddhism has its own progression of priests and ministers who were acknowledged by the court. Buddhism was currently upheld by the regal court and this helped numerous positive changes to happen. Buddhists were currently regarded and were considered as educated individuals. They were asked exhortation by the regal court and the rulers before taking choices. This helped them engage in numerous political and strict choices and thus giving numerous choices to be taken by them. This time genuinely end up being the best for Buddhist investigations and it got one of the most prevalent religions. After this, numerous rulers and heads changed over to Buddhism. Numerous laws came into training in this time, which were affected by Buddhism, and thus were supportive of the Buddhists. Van Hanh turned into a Buddhist in this period. He is known as the contemplation ace and has affected numerous individuals to change over to Buddhism. Any ruler who was not Buddhists was at any rate the supporter of Buddhism and this was an extremely positive point for the Buddhists. In 1010 A. D, right around eight cloisters were worked in Ha Bac. Every other religious community and Buddhist sanctuaries were additionally fixed. Tripitaka writings, which were in China at first, were gotten Vietnam. A great many Buddha sculptures and works of art were made and set up. Celebrations were set up. Numerous new religious communities, for example, Sung Kharh cloister and cloister at Mount Ba were manufactured. In 1086 A. d Dai Lam religious community was worked in Ha Bac. Later in 1118 A. D Thien Phat was manufactured which had right around 1,000 Buddha sculptures . BUDDHIST STUDIES The whole Buddhist instruction originates from the investigations of Buddha, who is the incomparable instructor. The entirety of the examinations root from saddha, which is the confidence in triple Gem. Depdnding upon these investigations the understudies are instructed by the five principles. The understudies should know the principles, their explanation and their machine in every day lives. Above all, they ought to value every one of these standards and put stock in them. The understudies should comprehend what is liberality and selflessness. These are basic components that help the understudies defeat their common wants, their narrow-mindedness and avarice. These five good principles are subject to one another. An understudy can pick up by suta, which is by broad perusing of Buddhism writings. As per Buddhist investigations the information on an individual is reliant on his inside conviction of truth I. e. Dhamma. Quiet and understanding are the two primary components of any Buddhist instructing. In Buddhist training assignments and intelligence are subject to one another. An understudy can accomplish astuteness by profound examination, conversation and knowledge. This astuteness was the fundamental instruments which lead Buddha to salvation. This astuteness is the crown of all instructions of Buddhism. Without insight, instruction is deficient. Prior to French, individuals were picked dependent on their training. These were authorities known as â€Å"mandarins†. Learning was significant in those occasions. It was instruction as well as it lead an individual to scholarly understanding, social standing, riches and influence. Buddhism came straightforwardly from India, thus there are numerous words in Vietnamese Buddhism which are impacted or are taken legitimately from India. The word Buddha is likewise taken for what it's worth. Be that as it may, as the Vietnamese culture is impacted a great deal from the Chinese, henceforth when Chinese priests came to Vietnam, the word Buddha was supplanted by the word Phat. Back then, Buddhism in Vietnam was affected by Theravada Buddhism. It was viewed as religion which helped great individuals and rebuffed the terrible. It was hard to show Buddhism around then as next to no writing was accessible. Vietnamese had no composed content; henceforth a couple of interpretations were made in Chinese. The time somewhere in the range of 544 and 602 was an autonomous time and was useful in spreading Buddhism The most effective method to refer to Buddhist Education in Vietnam, Papers

Hitler Youth: The Future of Germany :: Nazi German Hitler History Essays

Hitler Youth: The Future of Germany The Hitler Youth (Hitlerjugend-HJ) were for Hitler the eventual fate of the Nazi party. Hitler’s dream of a multi year Reich must be cultivated through the young, which were considered the most significant part of Germany's future as an incredible country. What's to come of the German country relies upon its childhood, and the German youth will must be readied for its future duties.(i) The adolescent were significant in light of the fact that they would proceed with the Nazi inheritance and spread purposeful publicity to people in the future. Hitler was so fixated on his mission for the eventual fate of Germany, that he dedicated the greater part of his undertakings, for example, the securing of Lebensraum and the disposal of the subhumans, to acquire land for the people in the future. Hitler was not some all relentless God that had the option to simply snap his fingers and the young would tail him, he was supported in the way that the young were on their very own mission: freedom. They were vivacious, brimming with life, and had a mind-boggling love for Germany alongside soul and a mission to discover their situation throughout everyday life. Hitler perceived these qualities of the adolescent and chose to join them into his arrangement for the National Communist German Worker's Party (NSDAP or Nazi Party) to thrive. These attributes and Hitler's contribution turned into the main catastrophe and motivation of the German youth development. This adolescent development started before World War I, was the outcome of the modern insurgency, and came to be known as the ‘Youth Revolution.’(ii) The Early Movement In the 1920's, the German youth were included in around 2,000 gatherings and associations. The most well known association was the Wandervogel, which was well known due to the association of sports. Young men had the option to go on end of the week withdraws, where they would climb and figure out how to make due all alone in the wild. Sorted out games of soccer and other different rivalries kept the interests of the youngsters. The Wandervogel were noted for their love of the land, not the new, present day comforts of the urban areas. Climbing and skiing were picked over exercises, for example, viewing a film or heading off to a move. The Wandervogel, which was framed November 4, 1901(iii), mirrored the principle mentalities of the of the adolescent development. American Boy Scouts saluting Hitler Youth in Munich in 1935. Koch p. 196. Here and there the Wandervogel was a sign of the recognizable mind-set of weariness and anxiety appearance of Wilhelmian Germany was minimal in excess of an exterior which

How to Manage Someone Who Thinks Everything is Urgent

How to Manage Someone Who Thinks Everything is Urgent It’s a nice  Thursday  morning, you have all your tasks for the day planned out. You are confident that by early afternoon, you will have completed all the tasks due this week and  you can now start working on the client report that is due next week.All of a sudden, a chime goes off on your computer, notifying you of a new email.You check the email and the “NEED ASAP” on the email’s subject line makes your heart sink. Goodbye to the thought of getting started on the client report early.What makes your heart sink is not the fact that something is needed urgently.After all, you are a professional and you know that sometimes, things do come up that need to be dealt with urgently, and you have no problem helping in such situations.However, this is not one of those situations.You are sure of this because of where the email came from. You know the habits of the sender of this particular email.All his emails convey a sense of urgency, and you know your whole day will be spent trying to deal with matters that are not really as pressing as they are made to appear, even when you had more important tasks to deal with.We have all  been in situations where someone thinks everything is urgent and should be given utmost priority.This person could be a boss or a colleague, it doesn’t really matter. The point is that they think that everything is an emergency that, if not handled right away, will result in an unimaginable crisis.They move too fast and have a deep need to get everything resolved. In the process, they make things pretty hard and stressful for others and often leave a mess behind them.What makes the situation even more difficult is that these kinds of people are usually very productive and are some of the most committed employees you will find, and will have probably even been praised for this behavior in the past.This makes it extremely difficult for them to see the impact of their behavior on their colleagues, teams, and the entire organization.THE DAN GERS OF CONSTANT URGENCYTreating everything like an emergency has a number of disadvantages. These include:Increased Risk  of  MistakesWhen someone comes to you out of the blue with a task that needs to be completed ‘yesterday’, they put you in a state of pressure.Not only do you need to get the work done in a rush, you will probably be feeling angry as well (because the urgent task disrupted your schedule). This puts you in a state of hyper-arousal.In this state, your ability to think clearly, thoroughly and imaginatively, as well as your attention to detail is compromised, which  increases your chances of making mistakes.In a bid to get things done in a rush, people who treat everything as an urgency are also less likely to consider every bit of information and the impacts of their decisions, which increases the risk of making a mess of situations.The Fire Drill is Worse Than  the  FireIn most cases, the sudden and seemingly urgent tasks that are unexpectedly dropped on your l aps (also known as fire drills) are not really important or urgent.There wouldn’t really be any crisis if they waited for a bit. However, when these tasks get dropped on an employee’s laps, especially by someone who is superior to them, the employee has to drop everything they  were doing and focus on the new  issue that has been made to seem urgent.Surprisingly, many people do not think about the impact of the other tasks that get derailed as employees respond to the fire drill. In many cases, the impact of the dropped work is usually bigger than that of the seemingly urgent work.To make this easier to understand, let’s imagine a senior executive who calls a dozen mid-level managers to a meeting because of a  minor issue.In trying to resolve this small issue, which could have been solved without calling for a meeting, several man hours as well as other opportunities end up being lost, whose cost is certainly more than the cost of the minor issue being treated as an  emergency .In this case, the fire drill ends up being worse than the fire itself.Negatively Affects Morale  and  ProductivityWhen someone thinks everything is urgent and requires everyone to drop what they are doing to put out these fires, this negatively impacts the  mood and morale  of the rest of the team.Having to constantly deal with unexpected issues leads to an adrenaline rush and puts people in a state of stress.They start resenting the person who constantly comes up  with  fire drills. Their ability to properly plan their day is affected since they know interruptions might come in any minute.This ultimately affects the morale of the rest of the team and leads to decreased  productivity.Important Tasks End Up Being IgnoredThere is  an Aesop’s fable about a boy who cried wolf when there was none just to amuse himself.Later, when a wolf actually appeared, his cries for help went unheeded because the villagers thought he was trying to fool them, and some of his flock got eaten by the w olf. The same happens when someone constantly treats every little thing as urgent.When everything gets labelled urgent, people eventually conclude that nothing is urgent. When an urgent situation actually comes up, other employees will not treat it with the urgency it requires because they will take it as part of the usual attention gimmicks.Seeing some of the negative consequences of unaddressed urgency, it is important to take some steps to mitigate the damage of this urgency. Below are some tips on how to deal with someone who thinks everything is urgent.HELP THEM REALIZE THE IMPACT OF THEIR BEHAVIOR ON OTHERSPeople who think everything is urgent are often very self-centered. Their tendency to treat everything as urgent very often comes from a position of wanting to ensure that all their tasks are completed on time. In doing this, they put their tasks and needs over those of others.They  want  others to deal with issues and tasks that are important to them while forgetting that t hese people also have their own important tasks and issues that they need to deal with. This can lead to the typically urgent person being regarded by other employees as a selfish person and a poor team player, though they might not know it.The key, therefore, is to help the person realize how is behavior is affecting the rest of the team and to place more emphasis on collaboration and the  success of the team  rather than individual accomplishment.HELP THEM TO DISTINGUISH BETWEEN THE IMPORTANT AND THE URGENTVery often, many of the tasks that are passed off as urgent are usually not important, yet important things get dropped to create time to focus on the urgent but unimportant. To avoid this, you should train the person to distinguish between what is important and what is urgent. A good way to do this is to introduce the person to the Eisenhower Matrix. Also referred to as an Urgent-Important Matrix, the Eisenhower Matrix is an important tool that helps people to prioritize tasks based on their urgency and importance. The Eisenhower Matrix is divided into four quadrants classify tasks as ‘urgent and important’, ‘important but not urgent’, ‘urgent but unimportant’, and ‘unimportant and not urgent’.In the matrix, urgent tasks are those that require immediate attention, those that need to be done as soon as possible.Important tasks, on the other hand, are tasks that contribute to the achievement of our long term  goals, values  and objectives. The Eisenhower Matrix looks as shown below. Encourage the person who tends to think everything is urgent to place all their tasks in the Eisenhower Matrix.URGENT / IMPORTANTNOT URGENT / IMPORTANTURGENT / NOT IMPORTANTNOT URGENT / NOT IMPORTANTIn the first quadrant, the person should place any tasks that  are both urgent and important. They need to be done immediately and they contribute to the achievement of the organizations long term goals and objectives. Failure to deal with these tasks immediately can lead to significant negative impacts on the organization.The tasks in this quadrant should be given top priority, that is, they should be done as soon as possible. Examples of activities that might fall in this quadrant include things like looming deadlines, crises, certain emails (those that cannot wait), problems, last minute demands,  projects  from quadrant two that were postponed, and so on.The good thing is that, with some good planning, most of the activities that fall in this quadrant can be eliminated.In the second quadrant, the person should place any tasks that are important but don’t have to be done right away. They don’t have a pressing deadline and will not lead to any negative impacts on the organization if they wait for a little bit. If the tasks fall in this  quadrant, the person should schedule a time to get them done instead of trying to pass them off as urgent.Examples of tasks and activities that might fall in this quadrant include  long term planning, worki ng towards long term goals,  building customer relationships,  researching a new competitor, and so on.The third quadrant should contain tasks and activities that require immediate attention, but they do not have any significant contribution to the achievement of long term goals and objectives. In most cases, these tasks can be done by anyone, so the best course of action is to delegate them to someone who is not very busy at the moment.Very often, tasks that fall in this quadrant are usually interruptions from other people. Examples of tasks and activities that might fall in this quadrant include some phone calls, emails  and meetings,  minor demands from other people, and so on.The person should minimize the amount of time you spend on activities in this quadrant, and if possible, delegate, automate or decline them.Finally, any other activities that do not require immediate attention and that do not contribute to the achievement of long term goals and objectives in any way should be placed in the fourth quadrant. These activities are distractions and time wasters.  The person  should try as much as possible to avoid them or schedule them for later when  they  are not pressed for time.Examples of activities that should be placed in this quadrant include social media and web browsing,  analysis paralysis, unnecessary coffee breaks, gossiping with coworkers, and any other activities that  people  use to procrastinate or waste time.By encouraging a person who things everything is urgent to use the Eisenhower Matrix, they will get better at prioritizing their tasks and are more likely to stop treating everything as urgent.COACH THEM TO SEPARATE WHAT NEEDS TO BE DONE FROM THE SENSE OF URGENCYVery often, people and even entire businesses and organizations operate from a sense of false urgency. In other words, there is no actual reason behind the urgency. Instead, the sense of urgency is a manifestation of other underlying factors such as  anxiety  or a need to expr ess power.For instance, a supervisor might assign a task to an employee on Thursday and ask them to have it done by Friday, not because the supervisor needs the task done by Friday, but because giving such a deadline makes them feel that they have power over the employee.A few year back, I used to work for a company that sold  stationery and other office supplies. The company had this policy where, if one of the regular customers called to say that they were out  of  printing paper, the paper had to be delivered to the customer within two hours.The problem was that this policy was very inefficient. An employee might have been on their desk busy working on something, only to be told to go deliver printing paper across town. Of course, this was taking a huge toll on people’s productivity.After hiring a new guy to head the customer service department, the new guy changed the game forever. The new guy told the customer service agents that when a customer called to say they were out of paper, the agents were to first find out how soon the customer needed the  paper.By making this simple change, it was discovered that majority of customers were not really in a rush and could wait for the paper to be delivered on the regular delivery schedule.In other words, the company had placed  on  itself a false sense  of urgency that led to inefficient use of employees’ time, low productivity and increased delivery costs.To avoid a situation like the one I shared above, you should coach your team to separate what needs to be done from the sense of urgency. Just because paper needed to be delivered didn’t mean it had to be delivered immediately.If something needs to be done, before placing an ‘URGENT’ stamp on it, encourage them to first find out how soon the task needs to be completed and the purpose for getting the task done. Once they start doing that, they will soon realize that current tasks do not have to be dropped for a certain, unexpected task, that there is n o harm in having the new task wait for a little bit.ENCOURAGE THEM TO CONSIDER THE CONSEQUENCES OF THEIR ACTIONSVery often, people who treat everything as urgent have good intentions, but like the popular saying goes, the road to hell is paved with good intentions.  Such people are often afraid of the consequences of inaction. This makes them focus solely on the pros of acting quickly with the aim of avoiding the negative consequences of inaction.Unfortunately, they don’t take the time to  consider  that acting too quickly might also lead to negative consequences.People who treat everything as urgent usually don’t have the luxury of time. Because of this, they make decisions in a hurry, without first considering all the information that might be required to make a good decision.Making decision in a rush also narrows a person’s options prematurely.Very often, the combination of these two factors (lack of consideration for all available information and prematurely narrowed optio ns) lead  to poor decisions that have negative consequences.To avoid this, you should encourage a person who tends to consider everything as urgent to think through all the possible consequences of their actions. If possible, make them take responsibility for any impacts resulting from their rash decisions and actions.Doing so will help them understand the impact of moving too fast and encourage them to put more considerations into their decisions and actions.PAIR THEM WITH COLLEAGUES WHO PLAN FOR THE LONG TERMPeople who tend to think everything is urgent are usually more concerned with immediate outcomes while forgetting the long term impacts of their decisions and actions.For instance, a sales agent who thinks the company needs to get new clients urgently might give  too many concessions in a bid to win a client.While this might lead to more sales, the value of each client might be quite  low, and the multiple concessions might result in the company doing too much  to keep the cli ent.A more long-term oriented sales agent, on the other hand, might draw out a negotiation with a client with the aim of getting the highest possible value from the client.Such a sales agent might close few but very lucrative  clients.If you realize that one of your team members has the tendency to treat everything as urgent, it might be wise to pair them with a colleague who is more long-term oriented.By doing this, you can take advantage of their speed and intensity while at the same time teaching them the importance of being patient and having a more deliberate and thoughtful approach.TRAIN THEM TO MANAGE EXPECTATIONSVery often, a sense of urgency usually results from poorly managed expectations.  For example, let’s say you, as a manager, go to one of the supervisors below you with an assignment that needs to be done. You ask them to have it ready in two days.Unfortunately, they are working on some other tasks that would make it really hard for them to have the new assignment r eady within two days.However, instead of letting you know that they are really swamped and cannot possibly deliver the work in two days, they accept the work and delegate it to  someone else in  their team (who also  has  other tasks) with a great sense of urgency.In this case, the sense of urgency is a direct result of poorly managed expectations. Most likely, you have no problem with waiting an extra day or two to get the work done, but the supervisor did not request for the extra time.To avoid this, you should train your team how to manage expectations. If they think there is not enough time for something, or if a new assignment keeps them from meeting another priority, they should make it known instead of accepting the new assignment and trying to turn into superman.ASK THEM TO PLAN BETTERA sense of urgency might also be the result of poor planning. For instance, the person might have known that some task needed  to be done well in advance, yet they  wait till the last minute to assign the task accompanied by a “NEEDED URGENTLY” message.For  instance, I have a friend who works as a procurement officer. Her firm’s senior executives were relocating  and needed the new offices fitted with some new furnishings.Everyone within the firm knew that the executives were relocating within a month’s time.My friend was therefore surprised when the guy handling the relocation came to her a week before the relocation date, asking her to urgently procure some furnishings.The guy knew that new furnishings would be required a full month before but still waited till the last week before requesting for them to be procured ASAP.In this case, the sense of urgency was a result of poor planning. To avoid such situations, you should encourage your staff to plan better to avoid inconveniencing others with urgent demands.WRAPPING UPWhile it is important for businesses and employees to move fast, having an employee who thinks everything is urgent can be a recipe for disaster. Not only does moving so fast on everything create room for costly mistakes, requiring others to treat everything like an emergency also affects the morale of  the team  and leads to more important work being dropped as other employees focus on solving these fires.If you have such an employee who tends to think everything is urgent, the tips shared in this article will make it easier for you to manage them and mitigate the negative impacts of their unaddressed urgency.

Analysis Sandy Hook - 1382 Words

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Opinions vary from both extremes of the spectrum but as the controversial topic continues

Disputes between Texas Rangers and Mexicans - 624 Words

In the late 1800 there were many problems going on, on the border of Mexico and Texas between the Texas rangers and the Mexicans. The disputes between the Texas Rangers and Mexicans caused many people to die for no reason. The Texas rangers patrolled the border to stop from anybody going pass the border or anything that looked suspicious for them. The reason there were so many for why there were problems on the border but, the main reason was that no one wanted to stop the Texas rangers because everyone was scared of them. During the time of all the problems on the border many Mexicans were dying because of the Texas rangers because they killed on sight if you looked suspicious of any kind of criminal activity. The Texas rangers would do anything they wanted they would steel, and kill because no one could stop them because they were the high power. The Mexicans were treated horrible during that time they would kill them for no reason, treat them horrible, and when they would kill them they would hang them or any other crude way. The Texas rangers had a lot of hatred towards the tejanos so they went by the shoot first rule. The tejano kids had to go to separate schools because there was segregated schools. Whites had there on schools and tejanos went to a different school. (p80 Carnes). A very big person during this time was pancho villa a guerrilla leader that would attack Americans to create havoc for the Mexican president. Many Mexican ranchersShow MoreRelatedThe Treaty Of The Guadalupe Hidalgo Treaty1009 Words   |  5 Pagestreaty (1848) led to an enormous increase of land for United States. Previous disputes that included the desire to annex Texas into Mexico was ultimately resolved through the passing of the Guadalupe Hidalgo Treaty of 1848. 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Brief Analysis Report of Rio Tinto Free Essays

Brief analysis report of Rio Tinto Rio Tinto is a British multinational metals and mining corporation with headquarters in London and a management office in Melbourne, Australia. The corporation was founded in 1873 and it ranked at the number 263 in Global 500 of largest worldwide companies in 2008. (Wikipedia, 2012) Rio Tinto’s net earning has decreased in the year 2011 mainly because of the financial crisis and global economic uncertainty (Annual report of Rio Tinto, 2011). We will write a custom essay sample on Brief Analysis Report of Rio Tinto or any similar topic only for you Order Now Meanwhile, the leadership claimed that they believe the long-term outlook is strong. Figure 1: Key Financial Data of Rio Tinto (from 2010 and 2011) Year Item | 2010 / US$ million| 2011 / US$ million| Net profit before tax| 20,491| 13,214| Net profit after tax| 15,098| 6,765| Total comprehensive income| 16,492| 4,365| Sales| 55,171| 60,537| Total assets| 112,773| 119,545| Current assets| 21,459| 21,898| Current liabilities| 12,876| 14,966| Cash flow from operating activities| 23,530| 27,388| (Annual report of Rio Tinto, 2011) According to figure 1 the net profit margin of Rio Tinto in the year 2010 fell from27. 4% to 11. 2% in the year 2011. (net profit margin is equal to net profit after tax divided by sales revenue) The profit rate to net worth of this company in the year is 5. %. (profit rate to net worth is net profit after tax divided by average total assets) The investors should use comprehensive income figure rather than net profit because comprehensive income includes all changes in equity during a period. (comprehensive income is equal to net profit plus other comprehensive income) The operating cash flow increased by $US3,85 8 million from $US23,530 million in the year 2010 to $US27,388 million in the year 2011 meanwhile, the sales raised by $US5,366 million from $US55,171 millionin the year 2010 to 60,537 million US$ in the year 2011. This matter of fact indicates Rio Tinto expended $US1,580 million on operating the company. The current assets increased smoothly from $US21,459 million in the year 2010 to $US21,898 million in the year 2011. At the same period the current liabilities raised up dramatically from $US12,876 million in the year 2010 to $US14,966 million in the year 2011. This data shows the company did not work well in this period. (Figure 1) Rio Tinto will cutting office jobs in Melbourne and Sydney in Australia and the board of the company will cut support and service costs by 10 per cent around the world (Greg, 2012). Because they said they need to build resilience and controlling costs during a difficult time, which includes product price decreases and Europe’s debt crisis (Greg, 2012). Greg’s report (2012) also showed that the Rio Tinto’s first half net profit dropped dramatically to $US4. 9 billion ($A4. 69 billion) from $US7. 78 billion ($A7. 44 billion) last year. Not only Rio Tinto’s earnings has dropped but BHP Billiton’s earnings are forecast to drop at the same time the world’s biggest iron ore miner Vale also posted lower than expected second quarter earnings at two year lows(Greg,2012). In the group statement of financial position the goodwill of Rio Tinto has dropped almost half of that in the year 2010 which is from $US15,316 million to $US8,187 million(Annual report of Rio Tinto, 2011). This matter of fact indicates that the company Rio Tinto appears to be done not well. The inventories of this company increase by $US551 million from $US4,756 million in the year 2010 to $US5,307 million in the year 2011(Annual report of Rio Tinto, 2011). The inventories rise up means the product of Rio Tinto cannot be sold mainly because the economy is uncertain and the demand of the ore is weak. The current and non-current liabilities all raise heavily and the net assets decreases from $US64,512 million in the year 2010 to $US59,208 million in the year 2011(Annual report of Rio Tinto, 2011). The liabilities rise up means the Rio Tinto tried to borrow money to pass the difficult time which lasting time is still uncertain. The net profit of Rio Tinto and other mining company decrease mainly because the commodity prices drop seriously. Commodity prices are formed by the interaction of global economic growth and costs of expanding supply of ommodities (Garnaut,n. d). According to Gurnaut’s article ‘the contemporary China resources boom’ China have been the main reason of high energy and metals prices since the year 2003. The article also claimed that Chinese growth has been the consequence of high investment rates and rapid increases in fringe population and the export share of production. The author believed that developing countries like China and India wil l still keep the commodity prices of ore in high level. In brief, although the financial and operating situation of the Rio Tinto is not well, the future of Rio Tinto will still be great because the demand of developing will be strong. Hence, it will be a good choice to invest Rio Tinto. Reference list Garnaut, R 2012, ‘The contemporary China resources boom’, The Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 222–243 Rio Tinto Ltd, 2011, Annual Report viewed 5 August 2012 http://www. riotinto. com/annualreport2011/pdf/rio_tinto_2011_annual_report. pdf Wikipedia2012, Rio Tinto Group, viewed 26 October 2012, http://de. wikipedia. org/wiki/Rio_Tinto_Group How to cite Brief Analysis Report of Rio Tinto, Essay examples

Brief Analysis Report of Rio Tinto Free Essays

Brief analysis report of Rio Tinto Rio Tinto is a British multinational metals and mining corporation with headquarters in London and a management office in Melbourne, Australia. The corporation was founded in 1873 and it ranked at the number 263 in Global 500 of largest worldwide companies in 2008. (Wikipedia, 2012) Rio Tinto’s net earning has decreased in the year 2011 mainly because of the financial crisis and global economic uncertainty (Annual report of Rio Tinto, 2011). We will write a custom essay sample on Brief Analysis Report of Rio Tinto or any similar topic only for you Order Now Meanwhile, the leadership claimed that they believe the long-term outlook is strong. Figure 1: Key Financial Data of Rio Tinto (from 2010 and 2011) Year Item | 2010 / US$ million| 2011 / US$ million| Net profit before tax| 20,491| 13,214| Net profit after tax| 15,098| 6,765| Total comprehensive income| 16,492| 4,365| Sales| 55,171| 60,537| Total assets| 112,773| 119,545| Current assets| 21,459| 21,898| Current liabilities| 12,876| 14,966| Cash flow from operating activities| 23,530| 27,388| (Annual report of Rio Tinto, 2011) According to figure 1 the net profit margin of Rio Tinto in the year 2010 fell from27. 4% to 11. 2% in the year 2011. (net profit margin is equal to net profit after tax divided by sales revenue) The profit rate to net worth of this company in the year is 5. %. (profit rate to net worth is net profit after tax divided by average total assets) The investors should use comprehensive income figure rather than net profit because comprehensive income includes all changes in equity during a period. (comprehensive income is equal to net profit plus other comprehensive income) The operating cash flow increased by $US3,85 8 million from $US23,530 million in the year 2010 to $US27,388 million in the year 2011 meanwhile, the sales raised by $US5,366 million from $US55,171 millionin the year 2010 to 60,537 million US$ in the year 2011. This matter of fact indicates Rio Tinto expended $US1,580 million on operating the company. The current assets increased smoothly from $US21,459 million in the year 2010 to $US21,898 million in the year 2011. At the same period the current liabilities raised up dramatically from $US12,876 million in the year 2010 to $US14,966 million in the year 2011. This data shows the company did not work well in this period. (Figure 1) Rio Tinto will cutting office jobs in Melbourne and Sydney in Australia and the board of the company will cut support and service costs by 10 per cent around the world (Greg, 2012). Because they said they need to build resilience and controlling costs during a difficult time, which includes product price decreases and Europe’s debt crisis (Greg, 2012). Greg’s report (2012) also showed that the Rio Tinto’s first half net profit dropped dramatically to $US4. 9 billion ($A4. 69 billion) from $US7. 78 billion ($A7. 44 billion) last year. Not only Rio Tinto’s earnings has dropped but BHP Billiton’s earnings are forecast to drop at the same time the world’s biggest iron ore miner Vale also posted lower than expected second quarter earnings at two year lows(Greg,2012). In the group statement of financial position the goodwill of Rio Tinto has dropped almost half of that in the year 2010 which is from $US15,316 million to $US8,187 million(Annual report of Rio Tinto, 2011). This matter of fact indicates that the company Rio Tinto appears to be done not well. The inventories of this company increase by $US551 million from $US4,756 million in the year 2010 to $US5,307 million in the year 2011(Annual report of Rio Tinto, 2011). The inventories rise up means the product of Rio Tinto cannot be sold mainly because the economy is uncertain and the demand of the ore is weak. The current and non-current liabilities all raise heavily and the net assets decreases from $US64,512 million in the year 2010 to $US59,208 million in the year 2011(Annual report of Rio Tinto, 2011). The liabilities rise up means the Rio Tinto tried to borrow money to pass the difficult time which lasting time is still uncertain. The net profit of Rio Tinto and other mining company decrease mainly because the commodity prices drop seriously. Commodity prices are formed by the interaction of global economic growth and costs of expanding supply of ommodities (Garnaut,n. d). According to Gurnaut’s article ‘the contemporary China resources boom’ China have been the main reason of high energy and metals prices since the year 2003. The article also claimed that Chinese growth has been the consequence of high investment rates and rapid increases in fringe population and the export share of production. The author believed that developing countries like China and India wil l still keep the commodity prices of ore in high level. In brief, although the financial and operating situation of the Rio Tinto is not well, the future of Rio Tinto will still be great because the demand of developing will be strong. Hence, it will be a good choice to invest Rio Tinto. Reference list Garnaut, R 2012, ‘The contemporary China resources boom’, The Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 222–243 Rio Tinto Ltd, 2011, Annual Report viewed 5 August 2012 http://www. riotinto. com/annualreport2011/pdf/rio_tinto_2011_annual_report. pdf Wikipedia2012, Rio Tinto Group, viewed 26 October 2012, http://de. wikipedia. org/wiki/Rio_Tinto_Group How to cite Brief Analysis Report of Rio Tinto, Essay examples

The Matrix Essays (1018 words) - The Matrix, Australian Films

The Matrix The Matrix In viewing the Matrix, a 1999 Warner Brothers/Village Roadshow Picture release, there are numerous references to philosophy portrayed in the movie. In analyzing the Matrix one will be able to see how Descartes' Meditations on Methodic doubt, his Evil Genius Hypothesis, and Plato's allegory of the cave are portrayed in this film. According to Descartes' Meditation on methodic doubt he tries to achieve absolute certainty about the nature of everything. In order to acquire absolute certainty, Descartes must first lay a complete foundation of integrity on which to build up his knowledge. The technique that he uses to lay this foundation is doubt. Descartes starts by looking at our usual sources of truth such as physics, astronomy, and medicine. He looks at these truths and doubts them feeling that these are not reliable sources of truth because time shows that we are all eventually proven wrong, much in the same way that science has been proven wrong over the courses of history. In relation to the Matrix, the Matrix is ?everywhere.? According to Morpheus, the leader of the resistance, The Matrix is everywhere; it is all around us, even now in this very room. You can see it as you look out your window or when you turn on your television. You can feel it when you go to work, when you go to church, when you pay your taxes. It is the world that has been pulled over your eyes to blind you from the truth (Matrix Movie). The truth that Morpheus speaks about is the truth that everyone in Neo's world, including Neo has been born into slavery. They have been born into a ?prison? built for their mind. In regards to the meditations Morpheus is telling Neo that the world that he lives in is merely a false idea and should be doubted. However, telling Neo what the Matrix consists of is not enough. To fully understand what the Matrix is Neo will have to choose whether he wishes to learn about the Matrix or to believe what ever he wants to believe. Descartes' methodic doubt can also be seen, as he doubts the senses. He considers the generally accepted view that our senses dependably report the absolute nature of reality, but discards the senses as a source of truth because of the dream argument, which states that there is no definite way of proving that you are either dreaming or that you are awake. Therefore it is possible that everything that we believe is false, making the senses an unreliable source. This dream argument can be seen in the beginning of the Matrix as Neo is told to ?wake up? by his computer. After ?waking? up, his computer tells him that ?the Matrix has you? he is confused with what is going on with his computer, the computer then continues to tell him to ?follow the white rabbit? and the conversation is then interrupted by someone knocking at his door. The person at his door is one of Neo's clients making a deal with him for a computer disk in exchange for money. His client looks at Neo and tells him that he looks ?whiter? than usual. Neo still confused with what just happened to his computer says to his client have ?you ever had that feeling where you're not sure that your awake or still dreaming? (Matrix Movie). Neo here is confused with what is going on and does not know what is reality and what is a dream. Another instance in the Matrix that show's this argument is after Neo has taken the red pill from Morpheus and is getting ready to be transferred out of the Matrix. While getting ready to be transferred out of the Matrix into the real world, Neo touches a broken glass mirror and the glass from the mirror transforms to become part of his body. Neo questions what is happening to him and Morpheus tells Neo ?have you ever had a dream Neo that you were so sure it was real. What if you were unable to wake from that dream? How would you know the difference from the real world and the dream world(Matrix Movie) The glass

Are Viruss Alive Essay

Are Viruss Alive Essay Are Viruss Alive? Essay Kaylee Drew December 3, 2013 A Block From the various facts including the reproduction and growth status of the organisms and proven statistics I believe that viruses are indeed alive. Science proves that the bacteria in viruses have the same characteristics that a living organism does. Viruses are the most efficient entities on this planet to circulate and breed genetic material. They can multiply in mass numbers within minutes, and cause destruction throughout the world. Viruses carry genes, DNA, RNA and have protein material. These are some basic elements that living organisms like virus’s carry. In addition one of the last things that make a virus a living structure is its ability to infect any eukaryotic celled species such as humans or animals. Only a living thing can infect others and carry contagious illnesses. Therefore the given physiognomies proves the life of a virus. A virus can reproduce in hundreds within hours. For a virus to multiply it goes through a never ending cycle. First the virus attaches to the cell becoming one with the host,the virus than injects its DNA into a cell, the viruses DNA uses the cells organelles to grow and to destroy the cell, lastly the virus break out the dead cell. For the virus to multiply it must first attack itself to a host cell. The main entity is that the virus lives, breeds, and feeds off of its host. They depend on the host cell to reproduce as it says in the article â€Å"Introduction to the viruses† by C. Emilliani, it says that when a virus comes into contact with a host that it inserts it genetic material into giving it the ability to spread and reproduce. Reproduction of a virus can be bad news. It takes days or hours for a virus to spread through contact. Many virus’s have wiped out and killed thousands of people; such as â€Å"Bubonic Plague† and â€Å"Spanish Flu†. Some virus’s such as these, have destroyed families and left victims dead and in suffering. Thankfully, modern science ha s allowed us to prevent and treat many serious cases of virus’s, so many lives can be saved. For an organism to be considered â€Å"living† it must carry genetic material such as DNA/RNA virus do carry DNA and RNA. Though some material from a virus is engineered most is natural. Also, virus’s hold organelles such as mitochondria, ribosomes, DNA, and proteins. These are the elements that prove that viruses are alive, even though many eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells carry same organelles. They help a cell function and carry out its basic needs for survival. Although some might believe that viruses are complex biochemical mechanisms, others believe they are simple organisms from nature. Viruses go through different phases of life to benefit their life span, and reproduction quantity. Causing them to grow, change, adapt, and expand to benefit themselves.But virus’s make it to their main goal to infect a host. With all the evidence and organelles a virus b etrays, it surely is a flourishing entity. The main purpose in a virus’s life is to infect and grow in a host. Viruses are known for their negative, fatal, and disapproving effect they have on humans and animals. Viruses can only contaminate eukaryotic celled species or

Why More People Drown in Fresh Water Than Salt Water

Why More People Drown in Fresh Water Than Salt Water Drowning in fresh water is different from drowning in salt water. For one, more people drown in fresh water than salt water. Around 90% of drownings occur in freshwater, including swimming pools, bathtubs, and rivers. This is partly because of the chemistry of the water and how it affects osmosis. Drowning in Salt Water Drowning involves suffocating while in water. You dont even need to breathe in the water for this occur, but if you do inhale salt water, the high salt concentration will prevent the water from crossing into your lung tissue. When people drown in salt water, its usually because they cant get oxygen or expel carbon dioxide. Breathing in salt water creates a physical barrier between the air and your lungs. A person who has inhaled salt water will not be able to breathe again until the salt water is removed. However, that does not mean there wont be lingering effects. Salt water is hypertonic to the ion concentration in lung cells, so if you swallow it the water from your bloodstream will enter your lungs to compensate for the concentration difference. This will cause your blood to thicken, putting a strain on your circulatory system. Extreme stress on your heart can lead to cardiac arrest within eight to 10 minutes. The good news is that its relatively easy to rehydrate your blood by drinking water, so if you survive the initial experience, you are well on the road to recovery. Drowning in Fresh Water Surprisingly, you can die from breathing in fresh water even hours after you have avoided drowning in it. This is because fresh water is more diluted with respect to ions than the fluid inside your lung cells. Fresh water doesnt cross into your skin cells because keratin essentially waterproofs them, but water will rush into unprotected lung cells to try to equalize the concentration gradient across the cell membranes. This can cause massive tissue damage, so even if the water is removed from your lungs there is still a chance you might not recover. Heres what happens: Fresh water is hypotonic compared to lung tissue. When water enters the cells, it causes them to swell. Some of the lung cells may burst. Because capillaries in your lungs are exposed to the fresh water, water enters the bloodstream, diluting your blood. This causes blood cells to burst (hemolysis). Elevated plasma K (potassium ions) and depressed Na (sodium ion) levels may disrupt the hearts electrical activity heart, causing ventricular fibrillation. Cardiac arrest from the ion imbalance may occur in as little as two to three minutes. Even if you survive the first few minutes underwater, acute renal failure may occur from the burst blood cells in your kidneys. If you drown in cold fresh water, the temperature change as the water enters your bloodstream may even cool your heart enough to cause cardiac arrest from hypothermia. On the other hand, in salt water, the cold water does not enter your bloodstream, so the effects of temperature are mainly limited to heat loss across your skin.

Risk assessment plan Math Problem Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

Risk assessment plan - Math Problem Example The paper tells that in coming up with a risk management plan, there are several steps involved. The first step is identifying the risk factors involved. In this stage, the event, probability, impact, contingency, reduction and exposure is established. The event simply means an act or incidence that might happen, probability defines the likelihood of an event occurring, impact is the consequence of an event happening. Mitigation happens to be how much the probability of an event may be reduced. Reduction is represented mathematically as the product of mitigation and contingency, whereas exposure is the result of reduction subtracted from risk. In the initial steps, the project's risk management team has to identify the risks as well as their probabilities and consequences. The risks and threats are then analyzed and a risk profile created depending on the consequence and likelihood of occurrence. The threats and risks that are involved in this project may be subdivide into three main categories based on the entity the most impact is felt. The divisions may be environmental, personnel and the public. The contractor may have to execute his task with the railway being in use. Rubble and materials used overhead are a threat to the public, while the running railway is a risk to the experts on the project. Using the profiling, collapse of the bridge during construction may be catastrophic, yet rare thus falling in the high-risk category of the assessment profile. Probabilistic risk analysis (PRA) or quantitative risk analysis (QRA) or probabilistic safety analysis (PSA) is one of the most used methods of analysing risk in project development and operation (Bedford & Cooke, 2001, p. 210). The use of this technique supports and validates the improvement of control and mitigation measures against threats. Incorporating probability in the project risk management gives the problem a wider scope and allows the stakeholders a better grasp of uncertainty and the need to impr ove on the risk control measures chosen for a given project. Incorporating probability in the development process allows in the assessment of what may happen, its likelihood and the possible consequences in the case of its occurrence. The works of Kaplan and Garrick in defining uncertainties and risk in mathematical terms aids in programming. The definition of risk as a set of scenarios Si, each with a probability Pi and a consequence Xi, generate a risk curve based on the increase or decrease in severity (Goodwin & Wright, 2003, p. 49). From this, programmers can assess inputs through the variations of the severity, consequence and frequency. The Scenario represents the probabilistic sample space in which event is contained (both favourable and unfavourable) each with a chance of occurring. However, in the probabilistic equations, the chances might be equal or biased; in the risk, assessment equality of the scenarios is hard to come by. The chances of occurrence in pure probability are equated to frequency in risk management. The ideology behind introducing the probability of frequency allows the risk analysis to be conducted based on empirical data. If a given project, in a given period, suffers a number of threats and risks the probability of a certain threat can be equated to the number of times it has

Impacts of Cyber Vandalism on the Internet Essay

Impacts of Cyber Vandalism on the Internet - Essay Example With intent to discuss the issue, this paper will cover the associated terms like administrative discretion, cybersecurity threats, and statutory protections for public employees.   In the legal context, the term discretion indicates the power to decide or act according to one’s own judgment. Some legal systems like the US allow certain discretionary powers to administrative authorities. To illustrate, US law system has framed some broad limits within which an administrative authority can operate. For instance, a statute confers discretion if it is reasonable and is in public interest. To define, the administrative discretion is the expertise of professional expertise and judgment as opposed to strict adherence to regulations or statutes, in making a decision or performing official acts or duties (The Free Dictionary). In other words, when a legal system permits an administrative authority to practice discretion, it is called administrative discretion. The discretionary powers are given to an administrative authority by statute or delegation. It has observed that, generally, broad discretionary powers are given to administrative agencies in order to e ffectively exercise their administrative authority. However, it is held that the discretionary power must not be vague or arbitrary, but it has to be in accordance with legal requirements. US Supreme Court stated that â€Å"an administrative agency enjoys wide discretion in ascertaining the best way to handle related, yet discrete issues in terms of procedures and priorities† (USLegal). Although the law imposes certain regulations on the administrative authorities in exercising their discretionary powers, it is often seen that their functions are not in line with law requirements.

The crying game Essay -- essays research papers fc

 ¡Ã‚ §Texts both inform us of the social identities available to us, and problematize them; both police our social selves and subvert them. ¡Ã‚ ¨ Both texts, The Crying Game by Neil Jordan and Loaded by Christos Tsiolkas, use characters within the discourse to project social identities that have been problematized due to social constraints. Throughout this essay, I will focus on sexuality, as this type of social identity has been depicted as a central theme in both texts. The characters from the texts work to, police and subvert their own sexual identities within their social milieu.  ¡Ã‚ §To claim an identity as a homosexual is to claim a place in a system of social regulation ¡Ã‚ ¨ (Connell & Dowsett, 1992). I would firstly like to establish the fact that homosexuality, in its most general sense, has been argued to have been socially constructed, therefore sexuality, in this case homosexuality, has to be considered a form of social identity. I support this with Freud ¡Ã‚ ¦s theory that sexuality is a result of social processes whether it be within the family, cultural, class etc., all such processes assist in forming a particular sexual identity,  ¡Ã‚ § sexualities are not received as a package ¡K.is arrived at by a highly variable and observable process of construction, not by an  ¡Ã‚ ¥unfolding ¡Ã‚ ¦ of the natural; and that social process is deeply implicated into this construction. ¡Ã‚ ¨ (Connell & Dowsett, 1992). The Crying Game and Loaded, exhibit sexual identities yet in different ways.  ¡Ã‚ §Liberal Humanism ¡Ã‚ ¨ was concerned with universal humanism which tended to homogenise various types of gays and lesbians. It was  ¡Ã‚ §Identity Politics ¡Ã‚ ¨, which was bench- marked in western countries throughout the 1960 ¡Ã‚ ¦s, that appealed to Liberal Humanism and saw that everybody had a right to express themselves and their identities. It was this recognition that distinguished identities within the  ¡Ã‚ §homosexual identity ¡Ã‚ ¨. The increase of sexual personae, diversified drag queens, dykes, macho gays, and from The Crying Game, transvestites. Throughout the novel Loaded, These diversities of homosexual identities were captured. The central character, Ari, repeatedly makes the distinction between these identities and refuses to be homogenised into such a broad identity,  ¡Ã‚ §I hate the word gay. I hate the word homosexual. ¡Ã‚ ¨ Ari would be defined as... ...eks. ¡Ã‚ ¨ Ari admits that this is because the Greek culture is renowned for their gossip and the fact that he is gay would somehow get back to his family,  ¡Ã‚ §Someone may know a friend of my parents, or know an uncle. Greeks have big mouths and word can get around. ¡Ã‚ ¨ It is this example that shows that relation between a person ¡Ã‚ ¦s sexual identity and cultural identity cannot be separated and thus form a trap. Through examples of identity, ethnicity, sexuality, gender and the body from both the film The Crying Game and the book Loaded, I have endeavoured to reveal how social conventions problematize certain identities. Focusing on sexual identities from both texts, it is seen that characters police their social selves and subvert them using their  ¡Ã‚ §homosexual identity ¡Ã‚ ¨. Bibliography „h Loaded, Christos Tsiolkas, 1998 „h The Crying Game, Neil Jordan, 1992 „h Cultural Studies and the New Humanities, Fuery & Mansfield, 1997 „h Rethinking Sex, Connell & Dowsett, 1992 „h Gender As Seriality: Thinking About Women as a Social Collective, Iris Marion Young, 1997 „h The Internationalization of Gay and Lesbian Identities, Dennis Altman, 1998

Post Modernist Director Jim Jarmusch Essay

Jim Jarmusch is one of the prominent post-modernist directors whose works produced a profound impression on the audience and often evoked quite controversial emotions. His films are very original and convey the authentic message of the author, but the director often chooses such means of conveying his ideas that his works are perceived in different way by different people. In fact, some people enjoy his films and believe they are genius, while, on the other hand, there are people who do not really understand his works and are very critical in relation to his works. At the same time, it should be said that his films are destined not only for specialists but also for the mass audience, though the director’s ideas may be not always clear for ordinary viewers. Nevertheless, the artistic value of his works is practically undeniable. As a rule, his films are stylistically and artistically rich. The director skillfully applies different stylistic devices which help him convey his message to the audience. Among films created by Jim Jarmusch, it is possible to single out his film â€Å"Down by Law†, which depicts the tragedy of main characters who have to pass through serious challenges in the course of the film. At the same time, this film is a perfect sample of post-modernist films, where main characters confront severe reality of the modern world and where it is really difficult to distinguish between good and evil, right and wrong. In his film the author shows that in the epoch of high technologies, there are still a lot of problems which affect the life of ordinary people and make the life very difficult and even tragic. On analyzing the film â€Å"Down by Law† by Jim Jarmusch, it is necessary to start with the title of the film because it gives insight into the contents and message of the film. In fact, the title of the film is quite symbolic, though it is practically directly indicates to the overwhelming power of law and its impact on an individual. The title of the film clearly conveys the message that the law can affect the life of people dramatically and, what is even more important, the law is not always right or good. Basically, it is possible to estimate that Jim Jarmusch attempts to moralize and analyze the relationship between an individual and the law. Judging from the title, the director stands on the ground that the law can oppress an individual, it can deprive a person of freedom and punish severely. In this respect, the events depicted in the film are quite logical and basically support first ideas that the title of the film evoke. To put it more precisely, the main characters, three inmates, Zack, Jack and Bob, are cellmates and the director attempts to show that all of them are innocent and were wrongfully accused of crimes they have never committed. Nevertheless, all of them are sentenced and, therefore, punished by the existing judicial system which executes the law established in the society. In such a way, the author uses the title to prepare the audience to the perception of the film and adequate interpretation of his main message and ideas. It gives insight concerning the problem raised in the film, but, at the same time, the title also creates certain emotional state or mood which prepares the audience to perception of the film in the way the director finds the most suitable. To put it more precisely, the title has quite a negative connotation of the law. Traditionally, the law is associated with justice. The modern society gets used to perceive law as the basis of the social life, since laws regulate relations between people and support the existing social order and social stability. The violation of law naturally leads to the punishment of an individual through which the individual is supposed to be corrected and change his lifestyle and behavior. In other words, the law is viewed as a tool of the adaptation of the behavior of an individual to socially appropriate and acceptable norms. In such a context, the law is viewed as a positive concept since it maintains justice and social stability that are highly appreciated in the modern society. However, the title of the film suggests an alternative view on the law. Implicitly, â€Å"Down by Law† tends to convince the audience that the law is the punishment above all and its power is used to get people down, while there is little indication to any kind of justice in the title of the film. On the contrary, such a title rather produces an impression that the law is not absolutely just, if not to say unjust. In actuality, the title of the film refers probably to one of the major themes of the film – the relationship between a man and the law. Remarkably, the author attempts to show that the law is really oppressive that may be seen from the title of the film. However, such a conclusion is logical and the title is only a tool with the help of which the director conveys this idea. In actuality, the entire film shows that the law, as a tool of human justice, is often blind. Jim Jarmusch shows that the law is not a synonym of justice. In stark contrast, the law is shown as a powerful tool which has little in common with the concept of justice (Jilesen, 236). Even thought the concept of justice is not clearly defined by the director in the film, it is very difficult to get rid of impression that the law is wrong, at least in relation to the main characters, who got their sentences for crimes they had never committed. In actuality, the director manages to show that the concept of law, as a symbol of justice, is very conventional and it seems as if he wants to convince the audience that people should not totally rely on the law and the justice system at large, because there still remains the risk of errors and innocent people can go to prison. At the same time, Jim Jarmusch pays a lot of attention to interpersonal relations between people. In fact, it is even possible to estimate that the director attempts to underline the significance of interpersonal relationships, which can outweigh even the relationship between a man and the law. Unlike the relationship of a man and the law, the relationship between people is not conventional. In stark contrast, they are very personal and people can learn more about each other through communication and, in such a context, decisions of the judicial system made on the basis of law are absolutely irrelevant to people. What is meant here is the fact that the main characters of the film, the three cellmates, could perceive each other as criminals. Formally, all of them were accused and sentenced to different terms. Therefore, they could naturally perceive each other as criminals because the law defined them as criminals. At the beginning of the film, the director actually shows that such stereotyping on the basis of decisions of the judicial system can affect the perception of people. In such a situation, it seems to be quite natural that Zack and Jack soon come to blows because they perceive each other as criminals and, in actuality, their conflict is, to a significant extent, provoked by stereotyping and biased attitudes of Zack and Jack to each other. In fact, it is the biases and stereotypes imposed on them by the law lead them to the conflict. However, the director of the film apparently does not really believe that the law and the existing judicial system is worth trusting. Jim Jarmusch lays emphasis on the importance of interpersonal relationships which actually define the life of people and their perception of each other (Jilesen, 218). In other words, the director puts human relationships consistently higher than any conventional norms or regulations imposed on people by laws, traditions, tc. In fact, it is through the interpersonal relationship between people their nature and character is revealed. In this respect, it should be said that from the point of view of the law all the three inmates are criminals, but through their interpersonal relationships, they reveal the fact that they are not as bad as they seem to be judging from their sentences and crimes they are accused of. On the other hand, the director avoids labeling his main characters as either positive or negative. He wants to show that his characters are real people, they are alive, they have their own feelings, emotions, ideals. Briefly speaking, they are humans and, therefore, they are imperfect. At any rate, Jim Jarmusch does not idealize his characters and shows that they have both positive and negative qualities. At the same time, he shows that the world, society get used to perceive people in such a way, i. e. through the antagonism between good and bad. In this respect, the use of black and white color in the film is very symbolic. Traditionally, good and bad is associated with white and black color respectively. Jim Jarmusch has shot the film in black and white intentionally in order to convey his message to the audience. In fact, it is possible to view his film as a kind of mirror where the traditional perception of the modern world is reflected. To put it more precisely, people get used to perceive each other either positively or negatively, people are either good or bad. Hence, the choice of colors in the film is very original and unusual for the late 1980s, when there were quite a few films shot in black and white. The director attempted to convince the audience that people get used to perceive this world only in two colors (Hertzberg, 175). Therefore, the use of black and white was quite logical since the film just shows people the world in the colors people get used to perceive the world in. In such a way, the director also warns people about the danger of the loss of other colors since, on perceiving the life through the antagonism of black and white, bad and good, wrong and right, people forget about intermediary states and other colors and concepts. In such a context, when black and white dominates in the film, it is the complexity of interpersonal relationships of the main characters that makes the film really colorful and bright. And again it is possible to speak about a profound attention of the author to interpersonal relations between people which are extremely important to each individual. Moreover, it is relationships with other people that make human life purposeful and brings in certain sense. However, the director creates quite an unusual relationship between the main characters. For instance, Zack and Jack do not speak to each other after the conflict which occurs at the beginning of the film. Nevertheless, it does not prevent them from the establishment of good relationships and it is even possible to speak about a strange but strong friendship between these two not very talkative men (Hertzberg, 153). Their friendship grows stronger as they come through all the hardships after the escape from the prison. In such a way, the author shows that human relations are very complicated and it is very difficult to understand what actually makes people help each other and become friends. At first glance, Zack and Jack have no chances to become friends, at least at the beginning of the film, but by the end of the film they cannot be viewed otherwise but friends, even though they do not talk to each other. Consequently, there should something else in humans that makes them feel confident in each other and become friends. In this respect, it is possible to speak about strong post-modernist trends that can be easily traced in the film, especially through the relationship between Zack and Jack. What is meant here is the fact that Jim Jarmusch actually challenges the existing social norms and purely materialistic view on human life. Obviously, he rejects the supremacy of the law as a synonym of justice. Moreover, he even rejects traditional views on human relations and denies the rigid materialism of the conservative or traditional artists. His characters’ friendship cannot be rationally explained by a scientific theory or logic. Traditionally, normal or positive interpersonal relationships are established through verbal communication, but Zack and Jack have none. Instead, it is rather a kind of spiritual unity or spiritual communication between the main characters. In fact, their friendship is, to a certain extent, almost mystical. At any rate, it is irrational and does not meet any scientific approach that is very typical for post-modernist art at large and films in particular. In this respect, it should be said that, being a post-modernist director, Jim Jarmusch is very skeptical about science as well as about existing stereotypes, social norms, and the law (Suarez, 186). Instead, he argues that people are spiritually rich and it is impossible to explain logically and rationally all their actions and behavior. They can make errors and they can suffer from errors of other people or the existing social or justice system, but still they remain people. Basically, it seems as if the director cannot fully understand human beings, this is why he shows that some of their actions are defined by their internal inclinations or spiritual world. At the same time, the entire film may be viewed as a post-modernist protest against the existing social norms, stereotypes and biases, which limit humans by boundaries of social and legal conventions, norms and regulations. In such a context, the successful escape of the main characters from the prison is very symbolic because, in such a way, they escaped from the social biases and stereotypes, they freed themselves not only literally as they got freedom to move wherever they wanted, but they also got moral and spiritual freedom. They escape from the prison of social stereotypes and unjust laws. Moreover, after the escape, Bob even found his love and became happy that implies that only freeing themselves people can become really happy. Thus, taking into account all above mentioned, it is possible to conclude that Jim Jarmusch is a successful post-modernist director, who attempted to convey his original ideas and his unique vision of the world and men through his works, among which it is possible to single out â€Å"Down by Law†. In this work, the author perfectly illustrated the imperfectness of the contemporary world and humans. He lays emphasis on the erroneous nature of the existing laws, stereotypes and traditional views of people which heavily rely on materialism, rationalism and logic. Instead, he appeals to human nature, to human spirituality and he underlines that people should strive for their own freedom from their own biases and stereotypes. People, according to Jim Jarmusch should be really free as are his characters.

Effects Of The Colonization Of Indigenous People - 860 Words

The colonization of Australia has a disturbing influence on the Indigenous people who have lived in Australia for almost 60,000 years. Indigenous people are recognised as the custodians of the world’s longest living culture. For almost 60,000 years, more than 500 different Aboriginal nations and up to 1 million Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people were understood to have lived in Australia before the arrival of the British in 1788. The new settlement was designed to improve Britain’s claim was to establish colonial powers. The result of colonisation was to beat competition over land and resources which quickly lead to violence. The history of colonisation has created an impact on families as it placed many thousands of children in†¦show more content†¦For example, this has resulted in generations of children raised in state care. The effects of the removal policies continue to resonate through the generations of Aboriginal families as the trauma is inhe rited by new children in difficult ways through behavioural problems, violence, trauma, and mental illness. There has been records about the Stolen Generations and their families all over Australia but over time some they have been lost due to fires, floods or poor record management. This made it a lot of difficult of families to find their lost families. The loss of family connections meant the loss of identity which lead to the Aboriginal communities to drug abuse and alcohol abuse as a sense of relief. Therefore, this is how the Stolen Generation has affected the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people which has taken a toll on the way they live and the way they are in society. Though, there have been actions undertaken to solve the problems that have caused destruction to the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. This includes the Apology given by former Prime Minister, Kevin Rudd on February 13th, 2008. The significance of the apology was to represent a major landmark in the settlement process with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders. The acknowledgement of the impact of the forcible removal policies has provided a pathway of healing to those who have been affected. The apology had been a key recommendation in the â€Å"1997 Bringing them HomeShow MoreRelatedEffects Of Colonization On Indigenous People1001 Words   |  5 Pagesyour identity and culture stripped away from you. This is what has happened to many Indigenous people throughout history in Canada. This has been done through the process of colonization. There are many devastating impacts of colonization that has affected Indigenous people all over Canada including racism and stereotyp ing as well as the downfall of the health of Indigenous people. Racism against Indigenous people has been a major impact of colonialism throughout the years. The racism and institutionalizedRead MoreResponse to A Pacific Reader: Literature, Culture and Text1673 Words   |  7 Pagesproject of reclaiming an identity following colonization is made all the more difficult due to the fact that an integral part of colonization is the (frequently intentional) demolition of indigenous culture, history, and identity, to the point that some indigenous people find it impossible to re-establish or re-frame their identity in terms other than those of the colonizer. This is particularly true in places like the Pacific, where the effects of colonization continue to reverberate, whether subtlyRead MoreThe Social Determinants Of Health1555 Words   |  7 Pages From the initial contact of European settlers in North America to the lives of Indigenous people, has had a tremendous impact comprehensiv ely. After so, this contact decimated every aspect of the Indigenous way of life. The health and well-being of Indigenous people initiated to worsen severely not only in the physical aspect but also mental. According to National Household Survey conducted in 2011, 1,400,685 people have been identified as being a member of one of the Aboriginal groups within CanadaRead MoreColonialism has plagued indigenous people worldwide and has spelled disaster for countless800 Words   |  4 PagesColonialism has plagued indigenous people worldwide and has spelled disaster for countless cultures, languages, and traditions. Over the past 500 years there have been different phases of colonization in Africa as well as other various parts of earth. There were many reasons behind exploration and colonization including economic and tactical reasons, religion, and prestige. 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Historical colonial practices and attitudes deeply contribute to a severe loss ofRead MoreChinua Achebe s Things Fall Apart Essay1519 Words   |  7 Pagesforces, Okonkwo is an individual that prides himself on his masculinity and success; living in direct contrast to his father Unoka, a rather lazy and cowardice man, as a result of a sense of shame he endures from his father’s pathetic life. As colonization progresses and advances into the civilization of Umuofia, particular aspects of Okonkwo’s character and belief system begin to alter and transition away from those aspects present before the colonistsâ₠¬â„¢ occupancy. Okonkwo, the central figure andRead MoreColonization Of The Great Powers1496 Words   |  6 PagesHas colonization finally ended? Most people would say that it has given the fact that most countries that were under colonial rule are independent now. However, most Latin American countries are still dependent on the great powers and are highly underdeveloped due to the enduring adverse effects colonization established. Colonialization has deprived Latin American countries of their wealth, freedom and character leaving the decedents of the colonists morally and psychologically disoriented. Two ofRead MoreEffects of Coloniztionon First Nations1483 Words   |  6 Pages1. Discuss your understanding of historic and contemporary colonization, how it continues to affect First Nations, Metis, and or Inuit peoples today and how it may be reflected in your proposed specific area of social work practice. To begin with, colonization began when first contact was made between Indigenous peoples of Canada and Europeans. At first the settlers were humble to Indigenous peoples and learnt how to survive the diverse land of what is known as Canada. As settlers began gettingRead MoreThe Effects of Westernization Essay example934 Words   |  4 Pagescontact. By means of colonization Asia, Africa and Latin America were particularly affected as Western values were enforced upon the populations by colonial assault. During this era traditional cultural pursuits declined and stagnated in the face of Western conquests. The attitude is much the same now as it was then, â€Å"However disagreeable the â€Å"medicine† may be, it is worth it for the â€Å"backward† people to become just like people in the West, (Haviland, 2008). European colonization greatly changed the